IASR Journal of Agriculture and Life Sciences
ISSN (Online): 2583-1259 (Online)
A total of 83-sorghum landraces collected from the western and south-western parts of Ethiopia were characterized using 22 morphological descriptors provided by PPV and FRA for DUS testing in sorghum. The aim of this research is to characterize Sorghum landraces morphologically for DUS traits collected from south-western Ethiopia. Results revealed diverse characters among the traits and the tested sorghum land races. The highest group was classified into 11 groups based on inflorescence compactness. The second diverse group was obtained by based on glume color traitssorghum landraces have six groups. The result divided the panicle exertion into five groups, the endosperm texture into five groups, the waxy bloom into four groups, the glume cover into three groups, and the leaf mid color into three groups. observed by each of the traits, endosperm color, grain luster, and grain form. The lowest (1 group) was characterized by stalk juiciness. All 83 (100%) tested landraces did not show the character of juiciness. Classification of genotypes based on DUS traits provided identification of key characteristics of various genotypes. Thus, the present clearly indicates the utilization of the PPV and FRA descriptors for the purpose of registration, maintenance, and protection of the collected sorghum land race.
The monocotyledon crop sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] belongs to the Gramineae family. It is a naturally self-pollinated short-day plant with up to 30% spontaneous crosspollination depending on panicle kinds[1].Sorghums, both wild and cultivated, are diploid (2n = 2x = 20) and tropical in origin. It thrives in areas between the equator's 400N and 400S latitudes[2]. Sorghum is grown in both tropical and temperate settings, but it is most recognized for its tolerance to the world's semi-arid tropical (SAT) regions, which are prone to drought [1].
Sorghum is a staple food for more than 500 million people in 30 African and Asian countries. [3]. Sorghum is important for food security in Africa because of its drought tolerance and ability to withstand high temperatures and water logging. Because of its resistance to drought and other production constraints, sorghum is a key food and nutritional security crop for more than 100 million people in Eastern horn of Africa[4].
In Ethiopia, approximately 74% of total sorghum grain output is consumed at the household level, with the remaining being sold and used for seed at the local level. The grain is used to make a variety of local staple foods such as leavened bread (injera), porridge, and local beverages, all of which require specific grain quality characteristics. Additionally, the Stover, which is used for animal feed, fuel, and the construction of fences and shelters, is often valued as highly as grain yield, so farmers prefer taller varieties[5].
Planting of cereals Before the 1950s, it was made up of landraces, or local farmer's variety [6]. Landrace refers to a cultivated plant that has an unknown origin, is locally/environmentally suited, or has not undergone a rigorous breeding effort[7].Farmers have maintained and cultivated landrace variations for decades using a traditional method of selection. In a low-input agricultural system, an autochthonous landrace is a variety with a high capacity to endure biotic and a biotic stress, resulting in high yield stability and an intermediate yield level [8].
Ethiopia is known as one of the Vavilovian centers of origin, or diversification, for a variety of cultivated and wild crop species, including sorghum [9].Ethiopia has been identified as a center of origin and/or diversification for a number of grain crops, including sorghum. [10].
Sorghum is one of the most widely grown grains in the world. Over 95% of sorghum fields in Ethiopia are planted to landraces, and over 95% of the sorghum types farmed are farmer-selected landraces [11]. The wild (Sorghum bicolor subsp. arundinaceum) and cultivated sorghums are more likely to exchange genetic material since they both grow in sympathy with their wild and weedy cousins in most sorghum-growing areas of Ethiopia, primarily in the south-eastern and south-western regions [2]. Within a species, there was more genetic diversity, which was often taken as a measure of its ability to adapt to its new environment. As a result, biodiversity is a valuable resource for coping with environmental changes. Sorghum is one of the world's largest crop germplasm collections, with over 42,000 accessions[12,13].
The physical and genetic identification and classification of germplasm is made possible by characterization. Morphological characterization allows for the creation of a catalog of descriptors that are necessary for collection management or agricultural application[14]. Morphological characterization allows for the creation of a catalog of descriptors that are necessary for collection management or agricultural application[15]Therefore, a greater understanding of the genetic variety in sorghum crop species will undoubtedly aid in the morphological characterization of Sorghum germplasm for DUS features, as well as the future enhancement of this sorghum genetic architecture.
Data collection was made by randomly selecting and tagging 20 individual plants and a total of 22 traits such as leaf midrib color, waxy bloom ,Plant height up to base of flag leaf, Grain covering, glume color, Head compactness and shape, stalk juiciness, Inflorescence exertion, Tillering, Lodging, Over all plant aspect Shattering, grain size, endosperm color, Endosperm type, Endosperm texture, Gain plumpness, grain shape(profile view), Caryopsis/grain color, grain luster, Grain form and Threshebility was used for morphological characterization of landraces on the basis of DUS guidelines.
The accession used for the present study is listed in Table 1. The data was taken on the basis of DUS guidelines for Sorghum Distinctiveness for the traits were also checked for the all the genotypes. The descriptors and the time and way of taking data are described in Table 2. Grouping of sorghum germplasm was done by utilizing grouping characteristics which mentioned in the DUS test guidelines.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5th leaf stage
The color of the leaf midrib was used to differentiate genotypes at the fifth leaf stage. This character's genotypes were divided into three groups: white 27.71% (23 genotypes), yellow 68.67% (57 genotypes), and green 3.61% (3).These findings are consistent with those of[16,17].
Vegetative stage
Waxy bloom, which is a waxy coating on the surface of the internode that is somewhat present 42.16% (35 genotypes), medium48.19% (40 genotypes), substantially bloomy 8.43% (7genotypes), and entirely bloomy8.43% (7 genotypes) were used to define genotypes at the vegetative state 2.4%(2 genotypes). It has been experimentally proven that this waxy layer significantly reduces transpiration (20 to 30%), [18].It prevents water from clogging the stomata and preventing the passage of gases, according to [19].It also aids in the prevention of harm to the stem, blooms, and fruits by ants and other crawling insects. In regard to the process of production of the waxy covering, [18]has noted that that the wax did not come from chemical modification of the cuticle or other layers of the outer wall, as could be expected, but rather was a product of secretion.
Physiological Maturity stage
At maturity stage genotypes were characterized on the basis of five character the amount of grain covered by 25% glume cover computed 57.83% (48 genotypes),50% glume covered scored 32.53% (27genotypes) 75 and 100% glume cover 4.82% scored (4 genotypes).The second character was Glume color white1.20% (1genotypes),2.40% sienna(2 genotypes),20.48% red 36.14%(17genotypes) purple 40.96%( 30 genotypes) and grey (34 genotype)(Table.2).
Genotypes were classified into eleven categories based on inflorescence compactness. Panicle is exceedingly flexible (typical of wild sorghum has scored 0.24% 2 genotypes), and primary branches are very loose and drooping 9.63% ( 8 genotypes) 7.22% (6 genotypes) loose erect primary branch, loose drooping primary branch 22.89 % (19 genotypes) Semi-loose erect primary branches 8.4% (7 genotypes), semi-loose drooping primary branches 19.27% (16 genotypes), semi-compact18.07% (15 genotypes), compact elliptic 10.8% (9 genotypes), compact oval 6.02%(5 genotypes),and half-broom corn 15.66% (13 genotypes).The number and growth of branches, or inflorescence architecture, is very important in this family because it directly affects s grain yield [20].There is no genotypes exhibit Stalk juiciness based on Stalk juiciness traits.
Genotypes were classified into four groups based on Panicle exertion: slightly exerted (2 cm but ligule of hag leaf definitely below inflorescence base16.86% (14 genotypes), (2-10cm between ligule and inflorescence base 36.14% (30 genotypes), well exerted (> 10 cm between ligule and inflorescence base39.74% (33 genotypes), and peduncle recurved (inflorescence below ligule and clearly exposed splitting 7.22 % (6 genotypes).
The genotypes were divided into three categories based on their threshability. The following genotypes were investigated: Very low83.13% (69 genotypes), low threshability1.20% (1 genotype), intermediate threshability10.84% (9 genotypes), and very high threshability4.81% (4 genotypes).The ease with which grains may be separated from panicles and glumes during threshing is a critical factor in sorghum utilization, especially in smallholder sorghum production when threshing is done by hand[21]. Some sorghum cultivars have grains that are securely connected to the panicle, making threshing difficult. As a result, a large portion of the grain is either rejected with the chaff, resulting in considerable postharvest losses, or gathered with the glumes still attached, resulting in significant quality and market value drop as the grains become less desirable to customers [21].
Based on the grain size genotypes of small size are 8.43% (7 genotypes), middle33.73% (28 genotypes), and large 57.83% (48 genotypes) sizes were identified. landraces were divided into two groups based on the endosperm color character: landraces with red color7.22% (6 genotypes) and genotypes with white color92.77% (77 genotypes). Based on endosperm type (47 genotypes) were normal types whereas 36 genotypes are waxy type 36 Variation in grain size, a major determinant of grain yield and quality in cereal crops, is determined by both the plant’s genetic potential and the available assimilate to fill the grain in the absence of stress [22].
The genotypes were divided into five groups based on endosperm texture. There were 5 entirely corneous genotypes, 7 largely corneous genotypes, and 27 intermediate genotypes,23 genotypes that were largely starch and 21 genotypes that were fully starch. The genotypes were divided into two groups based on the grain plumpness trait. The number of dimple genotypes was 43, while the number of fat genotypes was 40. Based on Grain profile genotypes with narrow elliptic (8 genotypes), elliptic (25 genotypes), and 50 genotypes circular based on Grain profile. Based on various Caryopsis grain colors white 53.01(44 genotypes), yellow 30.12% (25 genotypes), red 6.02% (5 genotypes) and 10.84% (9 genotypes).
Grain luster are scored (75 genotypes) and not lustrous computed (8genotypes). Grain form twins (2 genotypes) and singles (81 genotypes).On the basis of tillering and lodging, 83 genotypes were found to have neither tillering nor lodging. On the basis of shattering genotypes, 2 groups were identified: 47 genotypes with a high level of shattering character and 36 genotypes with a low level of shattering character. Genotypes were classified into four groups based on plant agronomic aspects, with genotypes with high scores being placed in the first group (15 genotypes) There were 32 genotypes with an average score of 32, 24 genotypes with a below average score of 24, and 12 genotypes with a poor score of 12.
CONCULUSION
The present study shows that morphological description of 83-sorghum landraces based on the DUS descriptor can be effectively used for identification and grouping of sorghum landraces for further breeding programs. The results reveal that there is diverse character among the tested traits, Panicle shape is calculated as the highest group (11 groups), in contrast to stalk juiciness, which has the lowest (1 group), which means 83 (100%) of the tested landraces do not have the characteristics of juiciness. Using satisfied DUS criteria for all of these morphological descriptors protects the rights of plant breeders and farmers. Even though these morphological descriptors alone may not be sufficient for DUS criteria
Acknowledgments
The authors would like thank all staff of Assosa Agricultural Research center (AsARC) particularly crop research process.
Conflicts of interest
There are no potential conflicts of interest
Table.1 List of Accession used for study
|
Plot# |
Accession no |
Plot# |
Accession no |
Plot# |
Accession no |
Plot# |
Accession no |
Plot# |
Accession no |
|
1 |
NJ 001 |
18 |
Ka018 |
35 |
Ya035 |
52 |
Ag055 |
69 |
Mok074 |
|
2 |
NJ 002 |
19 |
Ka019 |
36 |
Ya036 |
53 |
Bab056 |
70 |
Bam075 |
|
3 |
NJ 003 |
20 |
Ka020 |
37 |
Ya037 |
54 |
Bab057 |
71 |
Mok076 |
|
4 |
Boj004 |
21 |
Ka021 |
38 |
Ya038 |
55 |
Bab058 |
72 |
Mok079 |
|
5 |
Boj005 |
22 |
Ka022 |
39 |
ya039 |
56 |
Bab059 |
73 |
Mok081 |
|
6 |
Boj006 |
23 |
Ka023 |
40 |
Ya040 |
57 |
Ba060 |
74 |
Mok085 |
|
7 |
Boj007 |
24 |
Ka024 |
41 |
ya041 |
58 |
Ba061 |
75 |
Mok086 |
|
8 |
Boj008 |
25 |
Ka025 |
42 |
Ya042 |
59 |
Bab062 |
76 |
Bmb097 |
|
9 |
Boj009 |
26 |
Ka026 |
43 |
Ag044 |
60 |
Bab063 |
77 |
Bmb102 |
|
10 |
Ka010 |
27 |
Ka027 |
44 |
Ag045 |
61 |
Bab064 |
78 |
Rb109 |
|
11 |
Ka011 |
28 |
Ka028 |
45 |
Ag046 |
62 |
Ba065 |
79 |
Rb111 |
|
12 |
Ka012 |
29 |
Ya029 |
46 |
Ag047 |
63 |
Ba066 |
80 |
Ba118 |
|
13 |
Ka013 |
30 |
Ya030 |
47 |
Ag048 |
64 |
Ba067 |
81 |
Ba119 |
|
14 |
Ka014 |
31 |
Ya031 |
48 |
Ag049 |
65 |
Qon070 |
82 |
Ba120 |
|
15 |
Ka015 |
32 |
Ya032 |
49 |
Ag052 |
66 |
Qonn071 |
83 |
Ba121 |
|
16 |
Ka016 |
33 |
Ya033 |
50 |
Ag053 |
67 |
Qon072 |
|
|
|
17 |
Ka017 |
34 |
Ya034 |
51 |
Ag054 |
68 |
Qon073 |
|
|
Table.2 Descriptors used to characterize the present genotypes
|
No. |
Parameters |
States |
Developmental stage |
|
2.1 |
leaf midrib color
|
Yellow Green White
|
5thleaf stage |
|
2.2 |
waxy bloom
|
Slightly present Medium Mostly bloom Completely bloom
|
Vegetative |
|
2.3 |
Plant height up to base of flag leaf |
Very short(<76cm) |
Panicle emergency |
|
2.4 |
Grain covering
|
25% grain covering 50% grain covering 75%grain covering Grain fully covered Glumes longer than grain |
Physiological maturity |
|
2.5 |
glume color
|
White(whitegroup155D,155C,155B,155A) |
Physiological maturity |
|
2.6 |
Head compactness and shape
|
Very lax panicle(typical of wild sorghum) Very loose erect primary branches Loose erect primary branch Loose drooping Primary branch Semi-loose erect primary branch Semi compact elliptic Compact elliptic Compact oval Half broom corn Broom corn Others( not specify)
|
Physiological maturity |
|
2.7 |
stalk juiciness
|
Juicy Not juicy |
Physiological maturity |
|
2.8 |
Inflorescence exertion
|
|
Flowering |
|
2.9 |
Tillering |
Absent Present |
Physiological maturity |
|
2.10 |
Lodging |
Low Intermediate High |
Physiological maturity |
|
2.11 |
Over all plant aspect |
Very good good average below average poor
|
Physiological maturity |
|
2.12 |
Shattering |
Very low Low Intermediate High Very high |
Physiological maturity |
|
2.13 |
grain size
|
Small Medium Large |
After threshing |
|
2.14 |
endosperm color
|
White Yellow |
After threshing |
|
2.15 |
Endosperm type
|
Normal Waxy Sugar |
After threshing |
|
2.16 |
Endosperm texture
|
Completely corneous Mostly corneous intermediate Mostly starch Completely starchy |
After threshing |
|
2.17 |
Gain plumpness
|
Dimple Plump |
After threshing |
|
2.18 |
grain shape(profile view)
|
Narrow elliptic |
After threshing |
|
2.19 |
Caryopsis/grain color
|
White(White group 155D 155C 155B 155A) Yellow (Yellow group 6 D 6C 6B 6A) Red(orange-Red- group164 B164 A164B164 A Brown(Browngroup33A33C33B33A33B33A) Buff greyed orange group(166B) Other |
After threshing |
|
2.20 |
grain luster
|
Absent Present |
After threshing |
|
2.21 |
Grain form
|
Single Twins |
After threshing |
|
2.22 |
Threshebility |
Freely threshable Partly threshable Difficult to thresh |
After threshing |
|
Accession no |
Leaf midrib color |
Waxy bloom |
Plant height up to base of flag leaf |
Grain covering |
Glume color |
Head compactness and shape |
Stalk juiciness |
Inflorescence exertion |
Tillering |
Lodging susceptible |
Plant aspect |
|
|
NJ 001 |
White |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
75% grain covered |
Black |
Semi loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Peduncle recurved |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
NJ 002 |
White |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Grey |
Semi loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
NJ 003 |
Yellow |
Mostly bloom |
Tall |
25% grain covered |
Grey |
Compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
Boj004 |
Yellow |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
Grain fully covered |
Grey |
Half broom corn |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Poor |
|
|
Boj005 |
White |
Medium |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Grey |
Very lax panicle |
Not juicy |
Slightly exerted<2cm |
Absent |
Low |
Poor |
|
|
Boj006 |
White |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Grey |
Semi loose erect primary branches |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Boj007 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Black |
Compact oval |
Not juicy |
Peduncle recurved |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Boj008 |
Yellow |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Black |
Semi compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Boj009 |
White |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Black |
Loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
Ka010 |
Yellow |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Black |
Half broom corn |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
Ka011 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Black |
Semi loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Slightly exerted<2cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Ka012 |
White |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Black |
Compact oval |
Not juicy |
Peduncle recurved |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Ka013 |
Yellow |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Black |
Semi loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Ka014 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Red |
Semi loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Slightly exerted<2cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Ka015 |
Yellow |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Black |
Semi loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Slightly exerted<2cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Ka016 |
Yellow |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Purple |
Loose erect primary branches |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
Ka017 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Black |
Semi compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Ka018 |
Yellow |
Slightly present |
Tall |
25% grain covered |
Purple |
Semi loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Ka019 |
Yellow |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Purple |
Semi loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
Ka020 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Purple |
Very lax panicle |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
Ka021 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Grey |
Loose erect primary branches |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Ka022 |
White |
Medium |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Grey |
Loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Ka023 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Black |
Half broom corn |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
Ka024 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Black |
Half broom corn |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Ka025 |
Yellow |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Black |
Loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Ka026 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Purple |
Semi loose erect primary branches |
Not juicy |
Slightly exerted<2cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Ka027 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Purple |
Loose erect primary branches |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Ka028 |
Yellow |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Purple |
Loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Slightly exerted<2cm |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
Ya029 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Grey |
Loose erect primary branches |
Not juicy |
Slightly exerted<2cm |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
Ya030 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Purple |
Loose erect primary branches |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
Ya031 |
Yellow |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Black |
Loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Slightly exerted<2cm |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
Ya032 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Black |
Half broom corn |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Ya033 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Black |
Compact oval |
Not juicy |
Peduncle recurved |
Absent |
Low |
Good |
|
|
Ya034 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Grey |
Loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Ya035 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Grey |
Semi loose erect primary branches |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Poor |
|
|
Ya036 |
Yellow |
Mostly bloom |
Tall |
25% grain covered |
Grey |
Compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Ya037 |
Yellow |
Completely bloom |
Tall |
25% grain covered |
Black |
Compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Ya038 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Black |
Compact oval |
Not juicy |
Peduncle recurved |
Absent |
Low |
Good |
|
|
ya039 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Grey |
Half broom corn |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Ya040 |
Yellow |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
Grain fully covered |
Purple |
Loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
ya041 |
Yellow |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Purple |
Very loose erect primary branches |
Not juicy |
Slightly exerted<2cm |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
Ya042 |
White |
Medium |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Grey |
Semi compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Slightly exerted<2cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Ag044 |
White |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
75% grain covered |
Purple |
Loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Slightly exerted<2cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Ag045 |
White |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Black |
Loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Slightly exerted<2cm |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
Ag046 |
White |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
75% grain covered |
Black |
Semi loose erect primary branches |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Ag047 |
Yellow |
Slightly present |
Tall |
25% grain covered |
Purple |
Loose erect primary branches |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
Ag048 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Grey |
Half broom corn |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Poor |
|
|
Ag049 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Grey |
Compact oval |
Not juicy |
Peduncle recurved |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
Ag052 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Purple |
Half broom corn |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
Ag053 |
White |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Black |
Loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Poor |
|
|
Ag054 |
White |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Purple |
Loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Poor |
|
|
Ag055 |
Yellow |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
75% grain covered |
Grey |
Loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Poor |
|
|
Bab056 |
White |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Purple |
Loose erect primary branches |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Poor |
|
|
Bab057 |
White |
Medium |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Grey |
Semi compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Poor |
|
|
Bab058 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Grey |
Semi compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Poor |
|
|
Bab059 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Grey |
Semi compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Ba060 |
Yellow |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Purple |
Semi loose erect primary branches |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Ba061 |
White |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Black |
Semi loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Bab062 |
White |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Black |
Semi compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Bab063 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Tall |
25% grain covered |
Grey |
Semi compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Good |
|
|
Bab064 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Grey |
Semi compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Good |
|
|
Ba065 |
Yellow |
Completely Bloom |
Medium |
50% grain covered |
Grey |
Compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Good |
|
|
Ba066 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Purple |
Compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Good |
|
|
Ba067 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Purple |
Semi compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Poor |
|
|
Man068 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Purple |
Semi compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Poor |
|
|
Qon070 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Grey |
Semi compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Good |
|
|
Qonn071 |
Yellow |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Grey |
Compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Slightly exerted<2cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Qon072 |
White |
Medium |
Very tall |
75% grain covered |
Black |
Semi compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Slightly exerted<2cm |
Absent |
Low |
Good |
|
|
Qon073 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Tall |
75% grain covered |
Grey |
Very loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Slightly exerted<2cm |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
Mok074 |
Yellow |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Grey |
Semi compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Bam075 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Grey |
Semi compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Good |
|
|
Mok076 |
Yellow |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Black |
Semi loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Poor |
|
|
Mok079 |
Yellow |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Black |
Semi loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Good |
|
|
Mok081 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
White |
Half broom corn |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
Mok085 |
White |
Mostly bloom |
Tall |
25% grain covered |
Grey |
Semi loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Good |
|
|
Mok086 |
White |
Mostly bloom |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Grey |
Semi loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Good |
|
|
Bmb097 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Grey |
Semi compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Slightly exerted<2cm |
Absent |
Low |
Good |
|
|
Bmb102 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
50% grain covered |
Purple |
Semi loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Good |
|
|
Rb109 |
Yellow |
Mostly bloom |
Medium |
50% grain covered |
Black |
Semi compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Rb111 |
White |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
75% grain covered |
Red |
Semi loose erect primary branches |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
Ba118 |
Green |
Slightly present |
Very tall |
25% grain covered |
Black |
Semi loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
Ba119 |
White |
Medium |
Very tall |
75% grain covered |
Grey |
Very loose drooping primary branches |
Not juicy |
Well exerted> 10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
Ba120 |
White |
Mostly bloom |
Medium |
25% grain covered |
Grey |
Semi compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Slightly exerted<2cm |
Absent |
Low |
Below average |
|
|
Ba121 |
Yellow |
Medium |
Very tall |
Grain fully covered |
Black |
Semi loose erect primary branches |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Average |
|
|
Assosa-1 |
White |
Medium |
Medium |
25% grain covered |
Grey |
Semi loose erect primary branches |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Good |
|
|
Adukara |
Yellow |
Medium |
Medium |
25% grain covered |
Purple |
Compact elliptic |
Not juicy |
Exerted 2-10cm |
Absent |
Low |
Good |
|
Accession no |
Shattering |
grain size |
endosperm color |
Endosperm type |
Endosperm texture |
Gain plumpness |
grain shape(profile view |
Caryopsis/grain color |
grain luster |
Grain form |
Threshebility |
|
|
NJ 001 |
Very low |
medium |
white |
Sugar |
Mostly starch |
Plump |
Elliptic |
Brown |
Absent |
single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
NJ 002 |
Very low |
medium |
white |
Normal |
Intermediate |
Plump |
Narrow elliptic |
Brown |
Absent |
Single |
Partly threshable |
|
|
NJ 003 |
Very low |
Large |
white |
Normal |
Mostly starch |
Dimple |
Circular |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Boj004 |
Very low |
Medium |
white |
Sugar |
Completely starch |
Plump |
Elliptic |
Brown |
Absent |
Single |
Partly threshable |
|
|
Boj005 |
Very low |
large |
White |
Normal |
Intermediate |
Dimple |
Circular |
White |
Present |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Boj006 |
Very low |
Medium |
White |
Normal |
Intermediate |
Plump |
Elliptic |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Difficult threshable |
|
|
Boj007 |
Very low |
Medium |
White |
waxy |
Completely corneous |
Plump |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Boj008 |
Low |
large |
White |
sugar |
Mostly starch |
Plump |
circular |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Boj009 |
Very low |
large |
White |
waxy |
Intermediate |
Plump |
circular |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ka010 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
sugar |
Mostly starch |
Plump |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ka011 |
Low |
Large |
White |
sugar |
Mostly starch |
Dimple |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ka012 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
waxy |
Mostly starch |
Dimple |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ka013 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
sugar |
Completely starch |
Dimple |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ka014 |
Low |
medium |
White |
waxy |
Intermediate |
Dimple |
circular |
White |
present |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ka015 |
Very low |
large |
White |
sugar |
Completely starch |
Dimple |
circular |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ka016 |
Very low |
medium |
White |
sugar |
Completely starch |
Dimple |
elliptic |
White |
Present |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ka017 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
Sugar |
Completely starch |
Dimple |
circular |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ka018 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
waxy |
Intermediate |
Dimple |
circular |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ka019 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
sugar |
Completely starch |
Dimple |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ka020 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
sugar |
Mostly starch |
Dimple |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Twins |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ka021 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
sugar |
Completely starch |
Dimple |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Twins |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ka022 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
Waxy |
Completely starch |
Dimple |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ka023 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
sugar |
Completely starch |
Dimple |
circular |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ka024 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
waxy |
Intermediate |
Dimple |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ka025 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
sugar |
Completely starch |
Dimple |
circular |
Other |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ka026 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
sugar |
Intermediate |
Dimple |
circular |
Other |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ka027 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
waxy |
Mostly corneous |
Dimple |
elliptic |
Other |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ka028 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
waxy |
Mostly corneous |
Plump |
circular |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ya029 |
Very low |
medium |
White |
waxy |
Intermediate |
Plump |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ya030 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
Waxy |
Intermediate |
Dimple |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ya031 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
sugar |
Completely starch |
Plump |
circular |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ya032 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
sugar |
Completely starch |
Dimple |
elliptic |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ya033 |
Very low |
medium |
White |
Sugar |
Intermediate |
Plump |
elliptic |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ya034 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
sugar |
Mostly starch |
Plump |
elliptic |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ya035 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
sugar |
Mostly starch |
Dimple |
circular |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ya036 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
Sugar |
Mostly starch |
Plump |
circular |
Other |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ya037 |
Very low |
Medium |
White |
Sugar |
Mostly starch |
Plump |
circular |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ya038 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
Waxy |
Mostly corneous |
Dimple |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
ya039 |
Very low |
Medium |
White |
sugar |
Mostly starch |
Plump |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ya040 |
Very low |
large |
White |
waxy |
Intermediate |
Dimple |
circular |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
ya041 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
Waxy |
Intermediate |
Dimple |
circular |
White |
present |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ya042 |
Very low |
medium |
White |
waxy |
Intermediate |
Dimple |
circular |
Other |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ag044 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
Sugar |
Mostly starch |
Dimple |
elliptic |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ag045 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
Sugar |
Intermediate |
Plump |
circular |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ag046 |
Very low |
Small |
White |
waxy |
Completely corneous |
Plump |
Narrow elliptic |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ag047 |
Very low |
medium |
Yellow |
Sugar |
Completely starch |
Plump |
elliptic |
Brown |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ag048 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
Waxy |
Completely corneous |
Dimple |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ag049 |
Very low |
medium |
White |
sugar |
Completely starch |
Plump |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ag052 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
sugar |
Completely starch |
Dimple |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ag053 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
sugar |
Mostly starch |
Plump |
Narrow elliptic |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ag054 |
Very low |
Medium |
Yellow |
waxy |
Completely corneous |
Plump |
Narrow elliptic |
Other |
Absent |
Single |
Partly threshable |
|
|
Ag055 |
Very low |
small |
white |
waxy |
Mostly corneous |
Plump |
Narrow elliptic |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Difficult threshable |
|
|
Bab056 |
Very low |
Small |
yellow |
waxy |
Intermediate |
Plump |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Difficult threshable |
|
|
Bab057 |
Very low |
Medium |
White |
Sugar |
Mostly starch |
Dimple |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Partly threshable |
|
|
Bab058 |
Very low |
medium |
White |
waxy |
Mostly corneous |
Dimple |
Elliptic |
Other |
Absent |
Single |
Partly threshable |
|
|
Bab059 |
Very low |
Medium |
White |
Sugar |
Completely starch |
Plump |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ba060 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
sugar |
Mostly starch |
Dimple |
Elliptic |
White |
present |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ba061 |
Very low |
Medium |
White |
Sugar |
Completely starch |
Dimple |
Elliptic |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Bab062 |
Very low |
medium |
White |
Sugar |
Completely starch |
Dimple |
Narrow elliptic |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Bab063 |
Very low |
medium |
yellow |
sugar |
Mostly starch |
Dimple |
circular |
Other |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Bab064 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
sugar |
Completely starch |
Plump |
circular |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ba065 |
Very low |
medium |
white |
sugar |
Intermediate |
Plump |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ba066 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
Sugar |
Completely starch |
Dimple |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ba067 |
Very low |
Large |
yellow |
sugar |
Mostly starch |
Plump |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Man068 |
Very low |
Medium |
yellow |
sugar |
Mostly starch |
Plump |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Qon070 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
Sugar |
Mostly starch |
Dimple |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Qonn071 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
sugar |
Mostly starch |
Dimple |
Elliptic |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Qon072 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
waxy |
intermediate |
Dimple |
elliptic |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Qon073 |
Very low |
small |
White |
waxy |
Mostly corneous |
Plump |
Narrow elliptic |
White |
present |
Single |
Partly threshable |
|
|
Mok074 |
Very low |
Medium |
White |
sugar |
Intermediate |
Plump |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Bam075 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
Sugar |
Mostly starch |
Plump |
circular |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Mok076 |
Very low |
Medium |
White |
waxy |
Intermediate |
Dimple |
circular |
Other |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Mok079 |
Very low |
medium |
White |
Waxy |
Intermediate |
Plump |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Mok081 |
Very low |
small |
White |
waxy |
Mostly starch |
Plump |
elliptic |
White |
present |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Mok085 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
Sugar |
Completely starch |
Dimple |
elliptic |
Red |
present |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Mok086 |
Very low |
medium |
White |
waxy |
intermediate |
Plump |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Bmb097 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
sugar |
Mostly starch |
Plump |
circular |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Bmb102 |
Very low |
Medium |
White |
Waxy |
Intermediate |
Plump |
elliptic |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Rb109 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
waxy |
intermediate |
Dimple |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Rb111 |
Very low |
small |
White |
waxy |
intermediate |
Plump |
Narrow elliptic |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Partly threshable |
|
|
Ba118 |
Very low |
Large |
yellow |
waxy |
Intermediate |
Dimple |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ba119 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
waxy |
Intermediate |
Dimple |
elliptic |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ba120 |
Very low |
Large |
White |
sugar |
Mostly starch |
Plump |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Ba121 |
Very low |
small |
White |
sugar |
Completely starch |
Plump |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Difficult threshable |
|
|
Assosa-1 |
Low |
Medium |
White |
sugar |
Mostly starch |
Plump |
circular |
White |
Absent |
Single |
Freely threshable |
|
|
Adukara |
Very low |
Medium |
White |
sugar |
Mostly starch |
Plump |
circular |
Red |
Absent |
Single |
Partly threshable |
Fig. 1. Photo shows different caryopsis grain colors from the collected land race.
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